New limits

The New, New Limits of Optical Lithography

The end of optical lithography has been so often predicted (incorrectly) that such predictions are now a running joke among lithographers. Yet optical lithography does have real, physical limitations and even more real economic limits, and an accurate estimation of these limits is essential for planning potential next generation lithography (NGL) efforts. This paper will review the two types of...

A New Algorithm for Determining Ultimate Pit Limits Based on Network Optimization

One of the main concerns of the mining industry is to determine ultimate pit limits. Final pit is a collection of blocks, which can be removed with maximum profit while following restrictions on the slope of the mine’s walls. The size, location and final shape of an open-pit are very important in designing the location of waste dumps, stockpiles, processing plants, access roads and other surfac...

New - Limits on Quark And

The unique determination of the weak neutral-current couplings of u and d quarks is discussed. Knowledge of these quark couplings has important implications for the determination of the electron's couplings. Recent data provide new restrictions on the chargedcurrent couplings of quarks. The implications of these analyses for weak and electromagnetic gauge theories of quarks and leptons are exam...

Generalized Covering Groups and Direct Limits

Limits in modified categories of interest

‎We firstly prove the completeness of the category of crossed modules in a modified category of interest‎. ‎Afterwards‎, ‎we define pullback crossed modules and pullback cat objects that are both obtained by pullback diagrams with extra structures on certain arrows‎. ‎These constructions unify many corresponding results for the cases of groups‎, ‎commutative algebras and can also be adapted to ...